Warning: This report contains descriptions of rape and sexual violence. Names of victims have been changed and identifying details omitted to protect their privacy and safety.

Enat was at home with her eight-year-old niece when the soldiers came one Sunday morning. The Ethiopian army was carrying out searches of homes in the Amhara region on 5 January this year, as part of a crackdown on a growing rebellion launched by local militias known as Fano.

Enat says three men, dressed in army uniform, entered her home in South Gondar and began asking questions about her family background and whether Fano fighters had visited the beer hall where she worked. Enat, 21, said they had.

"How could we lie? How can we hide the truth?" Enat says, noting that Fano - an Amharic word loosely translated as volunteer fighters - is made up of locals.

Things quickly escalated. After asking questions about her family background, Enat says the soldiers began insulting her, then threatened her niece with a gun when the little girl started crying. Enat says one of the soldiers then raped her in front of her niece while the others kept guard. "I begged them not to hurt me. I called on the saints and begged them. But their hearts didn't pity me. They violated me."

Enat, who is from the Amhara ethnic group, is among thousands of women believed to have been sexually assaulted and raped since the conflict between the Ethiopian army and Fano started in August 2023. Sexual violence in the region is largely undocumented, but the BBC has collated data showing there have been thousands of reports of rape between July 2023 and May 2025, with victims as young as eight and as old as 65.

While restrictions have prevented independent media from entering Amhara to cover the conflict, the BBC team in Nairobi, in neighbouring Kenya, managed to speak to women and doctors in the region, offering a rare insight into the human impact of the crisis. The conflict began when the government attempted to disband regional military groups, including those in Amhara, which had fought with the army during the 2020-2022 civil war in the next-door region of Tigray.

Fano militias felt betrayed by the move and believed it would leave them vulnerable to attack from Tigray and elsewhere, especially as violence against the Amhara community had intensified, according to rights groups. In response, Fano launched a rebellion, seizing major towns. They claim to be fighting for regional autonomy and protecting their communities from marginalisation by the Ethiopian government.

The insurgency has resulted in a violent crackdown by the army, which calls Fano "radical ethno-nationalists".