Gangetic Dolphins in India Face Existential Threat Despite Recent Conservation Efforts

As the latest survey reveals a total of 6,327 dolphins inhabiting Indian rivers, conservationists warn that rising threats from fishing practices and river tourism could push these endangered species to the brink of extinction.

India's longest river, the Ganges, not only holds sacred significance but also serves as a habitat for thousands of dolphins. However, the Gangetic dolphin, known for its unique characteristics, is facing serious challenges that endanger its survival. Unlike their oceanic counterparts, these dolphins swim sideways, spend considerable time beneath the surface, and rely heavily on echolocation due to their near blindness.

The recent survey conducted by the Wildlife Institute of India indicates that the country is home to approximately 6,327 river dolphins, predominantly the Gangetic species and a mere three Indus dolphins. The survey covered 58 rivers in ten states between 2021 and 2023, marking the first comprehensive assessment of these river inhabitants. Both dolphin species are listed as "endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The evolution of river dolphins is a topic of interest; they are referred to as "living fossils" that diverged from marine mammals millions of years ago when they adapted to life's challenges in shallow, murky rivers. However, despite their fascinating history, the species has seen a tragic decline, with at least 500 dolphins reported dead since 1980, primarily due to accidental entanglements in fishing gear or intentional killings.

In a bid to enhance awareness and conservation efforts, the Gangetic river dolphin was declared India's national aquatic animal in 2009. This decision was supplemented by the initiation of a comprehensive action plan in 2020, aimed at safeguarding their dwindling numbers. Despite these measures leading to some improvements, the ongoing threats largely stem from poaching and fishing practices that result in unreported dolphin deaths. Many local fishermen, fearing legal repercussions associated with killing dolphins, dispose of carcasses in secrecy.

Moreover, the growth of river cruise tourism poses additional threats, with increased traffic disturbing their natural habitat. Conservationists like Ravindra Kumar Sinha have expressed concerns that persistent noise pollution and vessel traffic could drive the Gangetic dolphin towards extinction, reminiscent of the fate of the Baiji dolphins in China's Yangtze River.

The river dolphins’ adaptations, while suited for their environments, make them especially vulnerable to contemporary dangers. Their slow swimming speeds and limited vision lead to frequent accidents with boats. Coupled with their extended reproductive cycles, where females produce one calf every two to three years, the risk of extinction is magnified.

Yet, there remains hope for these unique creatures. Conservationists believe that continued government initiatives and increased public awareness can play a pivotal role in their survival. As Mr. Sinha emphasizes, substantial progress has been made, but considerable efforts are still needed to ensure the future of India’s river dolphins.