Pope Leo XIV’s status as an American citizen and the head of Vatican City opens discussions on dual citizenship and international law, following precedents set by prior Popes who retained their native citizenship.
Navigating Dual Citizenship: Pope Leo XIV’s Unique Position
Navigating Dual Citizenship: Pope Leo XIV’s Unique Position
As both an American and a leader of Vatican City, dual citizenship for Pope Leo XIV raises intriguing questions around international law and governance.
On May 9, 2025, Pope Leo XIV is making headlines not only as the spiritual leader of Catholicism but also for his unique position of holding dual citizenship. Born an American citizen, he now leads Vatican City, a recognized sovereign state. This dual role presents complex questions regarding international law and citizenship, which have recently gained attention.
According to U.S. State Department guidelines, dual citizenship is permissible, and an individual in this position has the potential to retain their American citizenship while serving as a head of state. The precedent is established, as prior Popes, including Pope Francis, who maintained his Argentine nationality, have successfully navigated similar circumstances.
The State Department affirms that individuals wishing to retain their U.S. nationality while undertaking foreign leadership roles can inform the government of their desires; however, these cases can invoke considerable legal intricacies, particularly related to diplomatic immunity. Historical examples include former Somali President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, an American citizen who resigned his citizenship to quell concerns regarding dual allegiances.
The Vatican, while recognized internationally, opts for observer status at the United Nations to uphold neutrality in global political matters. Pope Leo’s additional citizenship to Peru, another country accommodating dual nationals, further complicates matters, though specific laws regarding a citizen's role as a foreign head of state remain unclear.
As the situation unfolds, discussions surrounding Pope Leo XIV's dual nationality will continue to spark curiosity and legal scrutiny, particularly regarding the implications for American nationals assuming foreign state leadership roles. The State Department has yet to comment publicly on this issue.
Michael Crowley, who has an extensive track record in covering U.S. foreign policy for The Times, notes that these discussions are crucial in understanding how international law applies to dual citizens holding significant political power.
